Performance Analysis of Massive MIMO-OFDM System Incorporated with Various Transforms for Image Communication in 5G Systems

Modern-day applications of fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) systems require fast, efficient, and robust transmission of multimedia information over wireless communication medium for both mobile and fixed users. The hybrid amalgamation of massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) proves to be an impressive methodology for fulfilling the needs of 5G and 6G users. In this paper, the performance of the hybrid combination of massive MIMO and OFDM schemes augmented with fast Fourier transform (FFT), fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) or discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is evaluated to study their potential for reliable image communication. The analysis is carried over the Rayleigh fading channels and M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) modulation schemes. The parameters used in our analysis to assess the outcome of proposed versions of OFDM-mMIMO include signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) vs. peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and SNR vs. structural similarity index measure (SSIM) at the receiver. Our results indicate that massive MIMO systems incorporating FrFT and DWT can lead to higher PSNR and SSIM values for a given SNR and number of users, when compared with in contrast to FFT-based massive MIMO-OFDM systems under the same conditions.publishersversionpublishe

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Not Available

Not AvailableGroundwater is the basic source of irrigation in the state of Punjab. Due to seasonal supply of surface water, groundwater is used dominantly in the state, which has led to the alarming decrease in the water levels. To understand the spatial and temporal pattern of groundwater, a groundwater model for Sirhind Canal Tract of Punjab was simulated using PMWIN. The model was calibrated for the period of 1996-97 to 2000-01 and validated for the period 2001-02 to 2005-06.Recharge due to irrigation and rainfall was estimated in accordance with GEC (1997) methods. Different statistical tests revealed that there was good agreement between observed and simulated hydraulic heads. Sensitivity analysis showed that the model was more sensitive to specific yield then hydraulic conductivity values. The simulated model can be effectively used for sustainable management of water resources.Not Availabl

Developing Cost-Effective and High-Speed 40 Gbps FSO Systems Incorporating Wavelength and Spatial Diversity Techniques

Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are being anticipated to offer promising alternatives to existing radio networks in delivering high-speed data access to end-users. Ease of installation, robust features, and cost-effective operation have been the hallmark of FSO systems, and these features will play an obvious role in deciding the ways in which futuristic smart communication models will operate. Despite these arrays of features, FSO links suffer severe performance degradation due to channel-induced impairments caused by atmospheric effects such as rain, haze, and fog. In this work, we have investigated and compared the performance of 40 Gbps FSO links for different channel conditions ranging from clear weather to severe attenuation by incorporating spatial and wavelength diversity as performance booster techniques. The use of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with FSO links has also been proposed here. Using performance metrics like bit error rate (BER) and eye patterns, it has been found that the use of EDFA not only helps in compensating for the link losses but also aids in realizing an all-optical processing based last-mile access system. The proposed FSO system will be capable of bridging the existing backbone fiber networks with end-users with minimal changes to the existing hardware regime, thereby proving to be extremely cost-effective in sharp contrast to radio-frequency generations which require major infrastructure overhaul

Designing an optimized free space optical (FSO) link for terrestrial commercial applications under turbulent channel conditions

An abrupt surge in demand for high speed services and the advent of data-hungry frameworks such as the Internet of Things will add further to the congestion woes of the existing radio-frequency regime. Free space optical (FSO) communication technology has emerged as a promising contender to deliver high-speed data access but the performance is at times severely limited by channel turbulence. In this work, we propose an aperture averaged and optimized FSO link whose design parameters have been strategically chosen to meet the needs of diverse applications such as smart offices, smart houses, and Industry 4.0. Our investigations reveal that irrespective of channel turbulence and beam divergence profiles, the forward error correction compatible bit error rate (BER) of 10- 3 can be accomplished at the receiver at a very reasonable value of signal-to-noise ratio ranging between 20.3 and 38.2 dB. The proposed link also exhibits excellent BER stability as a change of merely of the order of 102 in BER was detected despite the worsening of channel conditions. Furthermore, in pursuit of optimizing receiver aperture size, it was found that although an aperture size of 30 cm yields improved link performance over 15 cm aperture, the latter is highly recommended for commercial applications due to its sheer ability to deliver promising BER while allowing compact design size for the receivers